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What began as a carefully orchestrated drug raid by Arizona police ended in chaos, bloodshed and outrage. Now, a young Marine veteran is dead, leaving his wife and two young boys to mourn for him on this Memorial Day, after he made it through two tours in Iraq.
The tragic assault also opened a rare window into the military-style tactics and equipment of police Special Weapons Assault Teams locked in a bloody war with Mexican drug cartels ? including military-style armored vehicles and two types of robots also found on the battlefields of Afghanistan.
The May 5 assault by a Pima County SWAT team on an address on Red Water Street, outside Tucson, was meant to apprehend a suspected member of a ?rip crew? ? a team of heavily-armed thugs, working for one of the cartels, that steals drugs from rival cartels. The special-weapons team, made up of at least seven men and seen in the leaked helmet-camera footage above, would pull up in a ?Bearcat? vehicle ? a sort of law-enforcement-optimized Humvee.?Then they?d bust into the single-story house, hold the occupants at gunpoint and serve a search warrant, looking for drugs, illegal weapons and other evidence of cartel involvement. Just another day for a team accustomed to risky missions.
But something went very wrong. And within seconds of ramming in the door, the SWAT team opened fire, killing Jose Guerena, the owner of the house. Guerena, a 26-year-old Marine veteran, reportedly confronted the police with an AR-15 semi-automatic assault rifle, possibly to protect his wife and kids, who were huddled in rooms behind him.
The SWAT team initially said Guerena shot first; later reports claimed Guerena never fired ? indeed, he never took his AR-15 off ?safe.? The Medical Examiner counted 22 bullet wounds in Guerena?s body after the raid, CNN reported. Other chilling details can be found in SWAT commander Bob Krygier?s post-operation interview with a Pima County detective.
After the brief but intense gunfight, the SWAT troopers pulled back, out of the house that had filled with smoke from discharging weapons. They didn?t know if the house?s defender was dead or alive ? or alone. After luring Guerena?s family out of the house using a megaphone, Krygier decided to deploy the team?s first robot ? a tossable ?throw-bot,? equipped with a simple video camera.
Throw-bots have been around for years. But the machines?have serious limitations. The Israeli army, one of the biggest throw-bot users, has complained that using a throw-bot early in an assault can sacrifice the element of surprise. What could be more obvious than a several-pound robot crashing through a window to land at your feet? That might explain why Krygier waited until after the first round of fighting to send the team?s throw-bot sailing into the house.
With tiny wheels and rudimentary cameras, throw-bots also have mobility and vision problems. Those limitations were very much in evidence that morning on Red Water Street.
Krygier huddled over the throw-bot?s control panel with a deputy named Korza, whom the commander Krygier described as the ?most knowledgeable on our team with the, um, electronics.? It took some time for Korza, following Krygier?s directions, to maneuver the tiny ?bot down a hallway into the living room where Guerena had been shot.
Even with the throw-bot perched near the Marine?s body, the SWAT troopers couldn?t make out much detail. Krygier couldn?t tell whether Guerena was dead or alive, and whether his weapon was a shotgun or a rifle. ?It?s not the greatest video quality,? the SWAT commander said.
With the clock ticking, Krygier and Korza grew desperate. ?We actually run the robot into him. Um, no, no response.?
By then, police reinforcement had arrived, including a bomb squad equipped with a larger robot, possibly an Andros F6A, pictured above. The 500-pound, four-wheeled Andros, in widespread military use, boasts much better sensors and mobility than the lightweight throw-bot ? and can even be outfitted with a shotgun for blasting apart bombs.
After a pause to evacuate surrounding houses, Krygier ordered the Andros into the living room where Guerena?s body still lay. Studying the images beamed back from the Andros? main camera, police paramedics were able to describe Guerena?s condition to a SWAT doctor. There was ?a lot of blood,? Krygier recalled. The Marine was ?not moving at all.?
The doctor declared Guerena dead. ?But we wanna still, you know, go in and put eyes on, just, just to be sure,? Krygier said. So the SWAT sergeant came up with a plan. ?Very slow ? methodical,? is how he described it. Police re-entered the house, moving room to room until they caught up with the robots in the living room. There, they confirmed that Guerena was indeed deceased, part of his brain exposed to the air.
Now the police could finally conduct the search that was the entire justification for the raid. They found no drugs, but did discover another AR-15, plus a third rifle and two handguns. There were also several sets of body armor and a hat bearing the U.S. Border Patrol logo. None of these items is necessarily illegal or, for a Marine, even uncommon. But Krygier told his debriefer that the weapons and armor were consistent with what a cartel rip crew would possess.
Nearly a month after Guerena?s killing, it?s still unclear whether the Marine had any ties to a cartel. But the absence of clear evidence means we must assume he was innocent. It?s equally unclear, at least to outsiders, precisely how the shooting went down and who?s to blame.
One thing is clear. With military-grade vehicles, armor, assault weapons and robots, the raid on Guerena?s home was all but indistinguishable from the kind of house-clearing operations U.S. forces perform every day in Iraq and Afghanistan. Guerena survived two tours in the desert only to perish in a military-style action in his own home.
Video and photo: Pima Sheriff?s Department, Air Force
See Also:
Source: http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/05/drug-raid-turns-ugly-as-swat-guns-down-marine-vet/
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Self Improvement Tips ? Great Self Improvement Tips That Will Make You Achieve Your Dreams
Self alleviation tips have been a good approach to lay a substructure for your personal expansion as well as to pull yourself to brand new levels of feat as well as fulfillment. If we have been someone who is meddlesome in personal expansion as well as personal growth, we have been substantially regularly in poke of in effect strategies for sensitive growth. Self Improvement Tips
Self alleviation tips have been meant to assistance we cut off melancholy as well as move at a back of a confidence which we need in your life. Understand which hold up is a rollercoaster of emotions ? there have been times when we feel similar to we have been upon tip of a universe whilst there have been additionally times we feel similar to a total universe is opposite you. But most of a time, we feel similar to we have been somewhere in between.
Self alleviation tips have been required for any chairman in sequence for them to commend a areas in which they have been not in behind, generally with a captious who does not see himself or herself as carrying any faults. Accepting one?s faults as well as building a self alleviation module is not a pointer of debility though rsther than a acquiescence which we have been usurpation shift inside of yourself to concede we to turn a improved person. Life Improvement Tips
The most critical of a self alleviation tips which we contingency sense is to accept which we have been not certain as well as which being reduction than undiluted is not a thoughtfulness upon your standing in hold up or a chairman which we have become. The self alleviation module we rise for yourself should enclose all of your weaknesses which we have identified divided or with a assistance of self alleviation tips from others. Detailing this report as well as a we do of a module of alleviation should concede for a improved bargain of these areas in need of alleviation as well as residence a dangers of feelings of supremacy soundness inside of both a commercial operation as well as personal locus of your life.
It does occur which there have been times when we lend towards to concentration upon a things which we have finished wrong. But instead of we do that, self alleviation tips will assistance we concentration upon a things we did right so which we can do those things again as well as put up with in self improvement. Try to have a shift of view as well as a most appropriate approach of we do this is to shift your environment. There have been times when we unequivocally need to get divided from things which remind we of your failures. That way, we will be means to concentration all your appetite towards achievement. Tips To Achieve Your Dreams
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Payment on Demand Reviews 
Screen legend and Academy Award-winner Bette Davis (?All About Eve,? ?Dark Victory?) stars with Emmy-nominee Barry Sullivan (?Rich Man, Poor Man?) in this compelling look at why people drift apart in marriage and seek divorce, with all its consequences. With Frances Dee (?Of Human Bondage?), Richard Anderson (?The Six Million Dollar Man?) and Otto Kruger (?High Noon?). Rated a high *** (three stars) by Leonard Maltin!This product is manufactured on demand using DVD-R recordable media. Amazon.com?s standard return policy will apply. (More?)
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Bulgaria might not be among the most famous European tourist destinations, but it is certainly has something to offer to every tourist and visitor. No matter which part of Bulgaria you choose to explore, you will to find what to do and see there.
Well not only is Bulgaria rich in history and a home of some of the oldest cities in Europe, it also offers some of the best weather in Europe, with hot summers reaching peaks of 45 degrees Celsius and white winter ski seasons.
Generally, the Black sea coast is divided into north and south. Among the most famous destinations along the northern coast are Albena, Balchik, Golden Sands, and Varna while the southern coast boasts resorts such as Sunny Beach, St.Vlas, Nessebur, etc.
The number of holiday villas and apartments in Bulgaria?s Black Sea resorts has increased substantially in the last 5 years.
Bulgaria?s tourism sector is also very well established and Bulgaria has recently proven to be one of the fastest growing tourist destinations on the old continent. The number of visitors coming to Bulgaria continues to grow tremendously. Moreover, the cost of living remains comparatively inexpensive in comparison to other European destinations.
If you plan a summer vacation in Bulgaria, then in the heat of summer there are the cool beaches of resorts like Balchik, Golden sands, and Varna. An advantage of the Black Sea Coast is that it has long soft sandy beaches; the sea is non-tidal, and less salty and much warmer than the Mediterranean.
Varna is the third largest city and as the locals call it, the summer capital of Bulgaria. Located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in a land with rich natural resources, Varna is one of the most famous summer resorts in Europe and the largest in the Black Sea region.
The climate and weather conditions are favorable for the development of industry, trade, tourism and communications. Varna is the perfect place for foreign investors wishing to further develop their activities in the Balkan region.
Varna International Airport is exclusively related to the economic situation of the region. The Airport serves tourist companies operating charter and scheduled flights to more than 35 destination and 101 cities across the globe. Besides the marine port, international airport and good rail and road connections, Varna also boasts one of the best telecommunication networks.
Balchik is a charming small town offering natural and man-made tourist attractions whose origins lie back in antiquity. It is located some 42km northeast of Varna, in a picturesque bay between white hills. The natural beauty of the place, ancient history and romantic atmosphere has always been an inspirational source for writer, poets, and artists. Since ancient times Balchik has been know as the town of lovers.
Zlatni Piasaci, meaning Golden Sands in Bulgarian, is a resort located about 25 km north of Varna International Airport and is known for its wide, which in places reaches 100 meters wide, and long beach covered with soft golden sand. According to an old legend, pirates buried a treasure on the coast north of Varna, which, as revenge, the Earth turned in wonderful gold sand.
Thanks to its natural beauty the resort is often referred as the pearl of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Wonderful climate, thick green forests surrounding the resort, and healthy hot springs, calm and clean sea water that, and much more, is Golden Sands.
When the night comes Golden Sands wakes up for an endless fiesta of light, sound and night entertainment. Exotic show programs, exquisite cuisine and fine drinks ? all this will inspire you to party.
Slot machines, roulette, black jack and many more games of luck will trigger your gambling spirit which you may have not expected to exist.
If dancing is your passion, modern nightclubs along the beach await you. To end the night you can have a cocktail at one of the numerous bars on the beach.
Many expatriates gave chosen Bulgaria and the north coast, in particular, as their second home. What attracts them is the mild climate, safe sea, relatively low cost of living and low prices, as well as the unique historical and cultural heritage of Bulgaria and last but not least the hospitality of the friendly Bulgarians.
To sum it up, Bulgaria is a peaceful, trouble free and law abiding country with welcoming, friendly, and warm people.
The author is an owner of site that provides Bouras holiday rentals it is a good page to turn on if you are wondering to visit in Bulgaria, if you are intrested in other holiday rental destinations please go over to the site
Save this article as PDF file ---->Source: http://articlefulltime.com/bulgaria-ancient-and-modern/
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Personal loans work extremely well by simply visitors to returning almost any financial debt they?ve already. With this, individuals will usually get your loan pay back within check since they should have even more workable on a monthly basis repaymants that they will fit into an individual?s price range. There are several about destinations yourrrre able to attend should you want to have a personal loan: loan service, loan companies, expenditure of money suppliers, and the like. Isn?t unanticipated that it?s possible to too have a personal loan on the net in recent times. Using the advance of the world wide web also, the advancement with computer conversation, you?ll be able to for folks to help you get a loan on the end. Depending upon the loan provider, the loan request might be harvested just in seconds possibly in a short time.
It is most very easy to finished a web-based personal loan use. You ought to don?t be surprised to show a few obligated important data through the entire end nonetheless just like your person?s name, ssn, number and also discuss. You will need to too notify the mortgage bank how much money did you intend to loan and give best specifics of your pay and then history of employment. Just about all lenders? internet websites require you consent to most of the fine print when you could not attach a unique in your application for the loan internet based.
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This isn?t a smart idea to at random select web-based banking institutions to locate a completing on the internet applications. Posting applications to be able to many mortgage lender is a large no-no! Each mortgage lender you return a questionnaire to successfully probably will move a new credit file you also, the a great deal more your credit track record is going to be levied, typically the inferior a credit ranking seems. Any less than superb credit profile gives banking institutions concerns when it comes to granting the application. On top of that, really don?t apply for products on the go. Make time to examine regarding the provider you?d like to gain access to capital via.
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Applying for absa personal loans is an easy process, this can even be done online. Get more information about personal loans for people with bad credit.
Source: http://ezinearticleshq.com/finance/loans/recommendations-for-personal-loans
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Hiking in the Drakensberg is not everyone?s cup of tea. Whilst very breathtaking, and home to a host of indigenous fauna and flora, the Drakensburg area is additionally rather rocky and a percentage of the hiking trails are quite arduous. A great deal of people, particularly women, are not very keen to eat ready-made foodstuffs and subsequently bunk down without having a hot shower on the hard ground in a thin camping tent at the conclusion of a long, sweaty day?s hiking. Moreover, you never know what creepy-crawlies might come visiting during the night time and this is sufficient to interrupt the possibility of an already miserable night?s slumber.
Therefore if, like me, you are one of those individuals who like the idea of walking in the Drakensberg yet not the fact of sleeping on the cold hard terrain then ?glamping? may be just the thing to suit your needs. Glamping, as you may have already discerned, is a conflation of the terms ?glamour? and ?camping?, and is a comparatively new inclusion to the camping dictionary. In the most stringent sense, glamping refers to camping as a deluxe and five-star encounter where a person might enjoy massage therapy, good food and Egyptian cotton sheets, and the only facet that in the slightest is similar to outdoor camping is that you can enjoy an outdoor shower that includes a view of the bush. But only if you wish to, that is.
Civilisation is arriving at each and every corner of the planet these days and commercial enterprise is hot on its heels so it is not a revelation that luxury and convenience have reached just about all except the remotest of locations. Despite the fact that the term ?glamping? is strictly-speaking associated with five-star luxury lodgings, it is nonetheless feasible to get pleasure from a semi-glamping expertise that isn?t just cheaper but offers you a number of comfortable conveniences too. The Drakensburg region is host to a variety of lodging options with a range of amenities to enable you to either ?rough? it or lodge in comfort.
Of course, an excessive amount of commercialism and luxury could spoil the beauty of nature which happens to be exactly what lots of folks wish to evade the rat race for to start with. Ideally, what most folks want is a balance between experiencing nature and enjoying a hot dinner and a comfortable bed afterwards. Fortunately, there are a range of hiking trails of varying time-span and levels of exertion which one can take in the Drakensburg. If you don?t want to over-exert yourself, much less put up a tent following your walk, you?ll realize there are numerous paths that take from a few hours to a day to finish. You can easily take a hike in this way and still get back in time for dinner at your lodging, which, at the very least, will offer amenities like a shower with hot water and a proper bed inside a chalet. For those who want to experience luxury with a degree of the open air, escorted organized tours are an alternative where your backpack is transported to a hutted camping site on your behalf.
Then again, intrepid hikers who are trying to find a rugged, untamed hiking encounter will, sadly, need to basically go to the ends of the earth to escape civilisation nowadays however, for folks who prefer to enjoy many of the comforts of home along with their hiking holiday, walking in the Drakensburg can now be an attractive prospect.
For more information on hiking in the drakensburg, go to http://www.spanafrican-adventures.co.za
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Carl Craig says he's always thought of his music as "a personal beautification of Detroit."
Carl Craig says he's always thought of his music as "a personal beautification of Detroit."
This Memorial Day weekend, techno music and its fans come home ? to Detroit ? for the annual Movement Electronic Music Festival.
Today, most of techno's audience is in Europe. But its futuristic sound was nurtured by African-Americans in Detroit in the 1980s. It all started in the late '70s, when a Detroit radio DJ named Electrifying Mojo put music on the air in a way that had never been heard before in the city: Kraftwerk plus Jimi Hendrix; Rick James plus the B52s and Phillip Glass ? all on a spaceship.
Mojo's sci-fi persona dominated Detroit's urban radio back then. The pieces he assembled became the raw materials for techno. Juan Atkins is often called the first techno artist. In 1981, Atkins was 19 years-old and technology-obsessed. He co-produced a song called, "Alleys of Your Mind," on a rudimentary drum machine.
"Mojo dropped 'Alleys of your Mind' on his radio show and it just blew up," Atkins recalls. "It was like a breath of fresh air on the radio. And nobody knew that this was some black kids from Detroit making this record. They thought it was from Europe or somewhere."
?Through Mojo's radio show, the alien sounds of techno piqued the interest of Detroit natives ? but the music's largest audience quickly grew in Europe.
"I'm fortunate because I exported my business," says Carl Craig, one of techno's biggest ambassadors. "If I kept it in the U.S., we would have failed a long time ago."
In addition to making his own music, Craig runs a record label he started two decades ago in Detroit. Last year, it shipped nearly 20,000 vinyl records out of the city ? 70 percent went to Europe. Craig is a star in Berlin and Paris.
But in Detroit, his profile is low key, his studio an anonymous bunker near a slew of abandoned buildings. "You go around the block from here, there are buildings [where] the windows are blown out," he says. "They've been abandoned for 30 years." Craig says he stays in Detroit because it's cheap, but the city is also central to his creative process. "My music has always been for me a personal beautification of Detroit."
He's not the only one who sees possibility in the rubble. There's also a small but steady stream of "techno tourists" who visit Detroit. "We've had several people that have come from Germany, mostly from Europe, specifically for the techno scene here," says Nicole Staggg, who hosts visitors through www.couchsurfing.org.
They come to see the abandoned factories where techno parties happened, and to visit Detroit's techno landmark, Submerge ? an iconic label, studio, techno museum and record shop on Detroit's east side. Label manager Cornelius Harris says Submerge defies the negative trends in Detroit and in the music industry itself.
"The key with being able to function in Detroit is not to look at what it is, but to understand what's possible and to move from that place," Harris says. "People in music do it all the time. They do it every day, which is amazing to me. You've got this thing that doesn't exist and you bring it into existence. That's the definition of magic."
One of those musical pieces of magic, "Falling Up," by local artist Theo Parish, could be a metaphor for Detroit. Parish is a torchbearer for his city's music, but he hardly ever plays there. His regular gig is at a club called Plastic People ? in London.
Marlon Bishop contributed reporting to this story. Both he and Glasspiegel are producing a radio documentary on Detroit techno and Chicago house for Afropop Worldwide.
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Pre-industrial
Several centuries BC: (Relief carvings made at this time show Assyrian soldiers crossing rivers using inflated goatskin floats. Several modern authors have wrongly said that the floats were crude breathing sets and that they show frogmen in action.)
Ancient Roman and Greek times, etc.: There have been many instances of men swimming or diving for combat, but they always had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a snorkel. See this link (in Portuguese).
About 500 BC: (Information originally from Herodotus): During a naval campaign the Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to attack a Greek flotilla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes?s fleet, cutting each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium.
The use of diving bells is recorded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC: ??they enable the divers to respire equally well by letting down a cauldron, for this does not fill with water, but retains the air, for it is forced straight down into the water.?
1300 or earlier: Persian divers were using diving goggles with windows made of the polished outer layer of tortoiseshell.
15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known mention of air tanks in Italy: he wrote in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used at that time to artificially breathe under water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as ?bad human nature?, that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connections. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of mask with a box for air. The project was so detailed that it included a urine collector, too.
1531: Guglielmo de Lorena dives on two of Caligula?s sunken galleys using a diving bell from a design by Leonardo da Vinci.
1616: Franz Kessler built an improved diving bell.
Around 1620: Cornelius Drebbel may have made a crude rebreather: see Rebreather#History of rebreathers.
1650: Otto von Guericke built the first air pump.
1772: Sieur Freminet tried to build a scuba device out of a barrel, but died from lack of oxygen after 20 minutes, as he merely recycled the exhaled air untreated.
1776: David Bushnell invented the Turtle, first submarine to attack another ship. It was used in the American Revolution.
19th century
1800: Robert Fulton builds a submarine, the ?Nautilus?
Diving helmets appear
1808: Brize-Fradin designed a small bell-like helmet connected to a low-pressure backpack air container .
1820: Paul Lemaire d?Augerville (a Parisian dentist) invented and made a diving apparatus with a copper backpack cylinder, and with a counter-lung to save air, and with an inflatable lifejacket connected. It was used down to 15 or 20 meters for up to an hour in salvage work. He started a successful salvage company .
1825: William H. James designed a self contained diving suit that had compressed air in an iron container worn around the waist.
1827: Beaudouin in France developed a diving helmet fed from an air cylinder pressurized to 80 to 100 bars. The French Navy was interested, but nothing came of this.
1829: Charles Anthony Deane and John Deane of Whitstable in Kent in England design the first air-pumped diving helmet for use with a diving suit. It is said that the idea started from a crude emergency rig-up of a fireman?s water-pump (used as an air pump) and a knight-in-armour helmet used to try to rescue horses from a burning stable. Others say that it was based on earlier work in 1823 developing a ?smoke helmet?. However the suit was not attached to the helmet, so a diver could not bend over or invert without risk of flooding the helmet and drowning. Nevertheless, the diving system is used in salvage work, including the successful removal of cannon from the British warship HMS Royal George in 1834-35. This 108-gun fighting ship sank in 65 feet of water at Spithead anchorage in 1783.
1829: E.K.Gauzen, a Russian naval technician of Kronshtadt naval base (a district of Saint Petersburg), offers a ?diving machine?. His invention was an air-pumped metallic helmet strapped to a leather suit (an overall). The bottom of the helmet is open. The helmet is strapped to the leather suit by metallic tape. Gauzen?s diving suit and its further modifications were used by the Russian Navy until 1880. The modified diving suit of the Russian Navy, based on Gauzen?s invention, was known as ?three-bolt equipment?.
1837: Following up Leonardo?s studies, and those of Halley the astronomer, Augustus Siebe develops standard diving dress, a sort of surface supplied diving apparatus.
1837 By attaching the Deane brothers helmet to a suit, Augustus Siebe develops the Siebe ?Closed? Dress combination diving helmet and suit, considered the foundation of modern diving dress. This was a significant evolution from previous models of ?open? dress that did not allow a diver to invert. (Siebe-Gorman went on to manufacture helmets continuously until 1975).
The first diving regulator
1838: Dr. Manuel Guillaumet invented a twin-hose demand regulator. It was demonstrated used as surface-demand. Use duration was limited to 30 minutes by diving in cold water without a diving suit.
1839 Canadian inventors James Eliot and Alexander McAvity of Saint John, New Brunswick patent an ?oxygen reservoir for divers?, a device carried on the diver?s back containing ?a quantity of condensed oxygen gas or common atmospheric air proportionate to the depth of water and adequate to the time he is intended to remain below?.
1839: W.H.Thornthwaite of Hoxton in London patented an inflatable lifting jacket for divers .
Around 1842: The Frenchman Joseph Cabirol starts making standard diving dress.
1843: Based on lessons learned from the Royal George salvage, the first diving school is set-up by the Royal Navy.
1849: Saint-Simon-Sicard (a chemist) made the first practical oxygen rebreather. It was demonstrated in London in 1854 .
1856: Wilhelm Bauer starts the first of 133 successful dives with his second submarine Seeteufel. The crew of 12 was trained to leave the submerged ship through a diving chamber.
1860: Giovanni Luppis, a retired engineer of the Austro-Hungarian navy, demonstrates a design for a self-propelled torpedo to emperor Franz Joseph.
1863: H.L. Hunley becomes the first submarine to sink a ship, the USS Housatonic, during the American Civil War.
Diving set by Rouquayrol and Denayrouze with barrel-shaped bailout air tank on the diver?s back
1865: Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze design a diving set with a backpack spherical air tank that supplied air through the first known demand regulator. The diver still walked on the seabed and did not swim. This set was called an arophore (Greek for ?air-carrier?). But air pressure tanks made with the technology of the time could only hold 30 atmospheres, and the diver had to be surface supplied; the tank was for bailout. The durations of 6 to 8 hours on a tankful without external supply recorded for the Rouquayrol set in the book Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, are wildly exaggerated fiction. Judging by Jules Verne?s inaccurate attempts in the book at describing how the Rouquayrol set worked, how the demand regulator works was not generally known or had already been forgotten when he wrote the book, which was published in 1870. But Jules Verne knew about the tendency of some divers, when surfacing into rain, to want to stay underwater to keep out of the rain.
1866: Minenschiff, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, developed by Robert Whitehead (to a design by Captain Luppis, Austrian Navy), is demonstrated for the imperial naval commission on December 21.
Gas and air cylinders appear
Late 19th century: Industry begins to be able to make high-pressure air and gas cylinders. That prompted a few inventors down the years to design open-circuit compressed air breathing sets, but they were all constant-flow, and the demand regulator did not come back until 1939.
1876: An English merchant seaman, Henry Fleuss, develops the first workable self-contained diving rig that uses compressed oxygen. This prototype of closed-circuit scuba uses rope soaked in caustic potash to absorb carbon dioxide so the exhaled gas can be re-breathed.
1893: Louis Boutan invents the first underwater camera.
Decompression sickness becomes a problem
1841: First documented case of decompression sickness occurs, reported by a mining engineer who observed pain and muscle cramps among coal miners working in mine shafts air-pressurized to keep water out.
1870: Bauer publishes outcomes of 25 paralyzed caisson workers.
From 1870 to 1910 all prominent symptoms/causes will be established: explanations at the time included: cold or exhaustion causing reflex spinal cord damage; electricity caused by friction on compression; or organ congestion and vascular stasis caused by decompression.
1871: The St Louis Eads Bridge employs 352 compressed air workers including Dr. Alphonse Jaminet as the physician in charge. There were 30 seriously injured and 12 fatalities. Dr. Jaminet himself suffered a case of decompression sickness when he ascended to the surface in four minutes after spending almost three hours at a depth of 95 feet in a caisson, and his description of his own experience was the first such recorded.
1872: The similarity between decompression sickness and iatrogenic air embolism as well as the relationship between inadequate decompression and decompression sickness is noted by Friedburg. He suggested that intravascular gas was released by rapid decompression and recommended: slow compression and decompression; four hour working shifts; limit to maximum depth 44.1 psig (4 ATA); using only healthy workers; and recompression treatment for severe cases.
1873: Dr. Andrew Smith first utilizes the term ?caisson disease? describing 110 cases of decompression sickness as the physician in charge during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. The project employed 600 compressed air workers. Recompression treatment was not used. The project chief engineer Washington Roebling suffered from caisson disease. (He took charge after his father John Augustus Roebling died of tetanus.) Washington?s wife, Emily, helped manage the construction of the bridge after his sickness confined him to his home in Brooklyn. He battled the after-effects of the disease for the rest of his life. During this project, decompression sickness became known as ?The [Grecian] Bends? because afflicted individuals characteristically arched their backs: this is possibly reminiscent of a then fashionable women?s dance maneuver known as the Grecian Bend.
1878: Paul Bert Publishes La Pression barometrique, providing the first systematic understanding of the causes of DCS.
20th century
1900: John P. Holland builds the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the U.S. Navy, Holland (also called A-1).
1900: ## Leonard Hill uses a frog model to prove that decompression causes bubbles and that recompression resolves them.
1903: Siebe Gorman starts to make a submarine escape set in England; in the years afterwards it was improved, and later was called the Davis Escape Set or Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus.
1905 Several sources, including the 1991 US Navy Dive Manual (pg 1-8), state that the MK V Deep Sea Diving Dress was designed by the Bureau of Construction & Repair in 1905, but in reality, the 1905 Navy Handbook shows British Siebe-Gorman helmets in use. Since the earliest know MK V is dated 1916, these sources are probably referring to the earlier MK I, MK II, MK III & MK IV Morse and Schrader helmets.
1905: The first rebreather with metering valves to control the supply of oxygen is made.
1907: Draeger of Lbeck makes a rebreather called the U-Boot-Retter. = ?submarine rescuer?.
1908: ## Arthur Boycott, Guybon Damant, and John Haldane publish ?The Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness?, detailed studies on the cause and symptoms of decompression sickness, and propose a table of decompression stops to avoid the effects.
1908: ## The Admiralty Deep Diving Committee adopts the Haldane tables for the Royal Navy, and publish Haldane?s diving tables to the general public.
1912: ## US Navy adopts the decompression tables published by Haldane, Boycott and Damant. Driven by Chief Gunner George Stillson, the navy sets up a program to test tables and staged decompression based on the work of Haldane.
1913 The Navy also begins developing the future MK V, influenced by Schrader and Morse designs.
1915 The submarine USS F-4 is salvaged from 304 feet establishing the practical limits for air diving. Three US Navy divers, Frank W. Crilley, William F. Loughman, and Nielson, reached 304 fsw using the MK V dress.
1916 With the addition of a battery-powered telephone, the design of the MK V is finalized however, several more design improvements are made over the next two years.
1916: The Draeger model DM 2 becomes standard equipment of the German Navy.
1917 The Bureau of Construction & Repair introduces the MK V helmet and dress, which then becomes the standard for US Navy diving until the introduction of the MK 12 in the late seventies
1918: Ohgushi (he was Japanese) patents ?Ohgushi?s Peerless Respirator?. It was a constant-flow diving and industrial open-circuit breathing set. The user breathed through his nose and switched the air on and off with his teeth.
Around 1920: Hanseatischen Apparatebau-Gesellschaft make a 2-cylinder breathing apparatus with double-lever single-stage demand valve and single wide corrugated breathing tube with mouthpiece, and a ?duck?s beak? exhalent valve in the regulator. It was described in a mine rescue handbook in 1930. They were successors to Ludwig von Bremen of Kiel, who had the licence to make the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus in Germany .
1924 Yves le Prieur invented a hand-controlled self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. It delivered air at constant pressure without a demand regulator. He first experimented with it in 1926.
1926: Draeger displayed a rescue breathing apparatus that the wearer could swim with. While the previous devices served only for ascending to the surface and were designed also to develop lift so that the wearer arrived at the surface without swimming movements, the diving set had weights, which also made it possible to dive down with it, to search and save after an accident.
1937: US Navy publishes its revised diving tables based on the work of O.D. Yarbrough.
Swim-diving starts
The 1930s:
In France, Guy Gilpatrick starts swim diving with waterproof goggles, derived from swimming goggles (which were originally intended to keep salt water out of the eyes at the surface).
Sport spearfishing became common in the Mediterranean, and spearfishers gradually developed the common sport diving mask and fins and snorkel, with mostly Georges Beuchat in Marseille, France, which created the speargun and the 1st isothermic wetsuit, and Italian sport spearfishers started using oxygen rebreathers. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit Decima Flottiglia MAS using oxygen rebreathers and manned torpedoes, playing a large role in World War II.
1933:
In France, Louis de Corlieu patents the first swimming swimfins.
In San Diego, California, the first sport diving club is started, called the Bottom Scratchers. As far as it is known, it did not use breathing sets; its main aim was spearfishing.
More is known of Yves Le Prieur?s constant-flow open-circuit breathing set. It is said that it could allow a 20 minute stay at 7 meters and 15 minutes at 15 meters. It has one cylinder feeding into a circular fullface mask. Its air cylinder was often worn at an angle to get its on/off valve in reach of the diver?s hand; this would have caused an awkward skew drag in swimming.
1934:
In France, establishment of Beuchat, oldest scuba diving and spearfishing company in the world,
In France a sport diving club is started, called the Club des Sous-l?Eau. It did not use breathing sets as far as is known. Its main aim was spearfishing.
Otis Barton and William Beebe dive to 3028 feet using a bathysphere.
1935: The French Navy adopts the Le Prieur breathing set.
1936: On the French Riviera, the first known sport scuba diving club started. It used Le Prieur?s breathing sets.
1937: The American Diving Equipment and Salvage Company (now known as DESCO) develops a heavy bottom-walking-type diving suit with a self-contained mixed-gas helium and oxygen rebreather.
1937: ## US Navy publishes its revised diving tables based on the work of O.D. Yarbrough.
1939: Hans Hass developed from the escape set a type of rebreather with its bag on his back and two breathing tubes but no backpack box. These sets appear much in his movies and books.
1954: Underwater hockey (octopush) is invented by four navy sub-aqua divers in Southsea who got bored swimming up and down and wanted a fun way to keep fit.
The diving regulator reappears
1937: Georges Commeinhes developed a two-cylinder open-circuit apparatus with demand regulator. The regulator was a big rectangular box between the cylinders. Some were made, but WWII interrupted development.
World War II
1939: Georges Commeinhes offers his breathing set to the French Navy, which could not continue developing uses for it because of WWII.
July 1943: Commeinhes reached 53 meters (about 174 feet) using his breathing set off the coast of Marseille.
1944: Commeinhes died in the liberation of Strasbourg in Alsace. His invention was submerged by Cousteau?s invention.
Christian J. Lambertsen of the United States designed a ?Self-Contained Underwater Oxygen Breathing Apparatus? for the U.S. military. It was a rebreather. It was the first device to be called SCUBA.
Various nations use frogmen equipped with rebreathers for some of the best known and most spectacular war actions: see Human torpedo.
Hans Hass later said that during WWII the German diving gear firm Drger offered him an open-circuit scuba set with a demand regulator. It may have been a separate invention, or it may have been copied from a captured Commeinhes-type set.
1943: Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invent and make an open-circuit diving breathing set, using a demand regulator which Gagnan modified from a demand regulator used to let a petrol-driven car run on a big bag of coal-gas carried on its roof during wartime shortages of petrol. Cousteau had his first dives with it. He made two more aqualungs: there were now 3, one each for Cousteau and his first two diving companions Frdric Dumas and Taillez. His aqualung remained a secret until the south of France was liberated. This type of breathing set was later named the ?Aqua-Lung?. This word is correctly a tradename that goes with the Cousteau-Gagnan patent, but in Britain it has been commonly used as a generic and spelt ?aqualung? since at least the 1950s, including in the BSAC?s publications and training manuals, and describing scuba diving as ?aqualunging?.
Early 1944: the USA government, to try to stop men from being drowned in sunken army tanks, asked the company Mine Safety Appliances (MSA) for a suitable small escape breathing set. MSA provided a small open-circuit breathing set with a small (5 to 7 liters) air cylinder, a circular demand regulator with a two-lever system similar to Cousteau?s design (connected to the cylinder by a nut and cone nipple connection), and one corrugated wide breathing tube connected to a mouthpiece. This set was stated to be made from made from ?off-the-shelf? items, which shows that MSA had that regulator design before; also, that regulator looks like the result of development and not a prototype; it may have arisen around 1943. In an example recovered in 2003 form a submerged Sherman tank in the Bay of Naples the cylinder was bound round in tape and tied to a lifejacket. These sets were too late for the D-day landings in June 1944, but were used in the invasion of the south of France and in the South Pacific war.
1944: In October, Frdric Dumas reaches 62 meters (about 200 feet) with a Cousteau aqualung.
1945: Cousteau?s first aqualung is destroyed by a mis-aimed artillery shell in an Allied landing on the French Riviera: that left two. Afterwards, he had more aqualungs made and gathered more men and taught them to aqualung dive. In Toulon he started an unofficial mine-clearing and wreck-clearing unit. Later this unit was made official. One of the men who he trained was Broussard, who founded the first post-WWII scuba diving club, the Club Alpin Sous-Marin.
Postwar
The public first hears about frogmen.
The first known underwater diving club in Britain, ?The Amphibians Club?, is formed in Aberdeen by Ivor Howitt (who modified an old civilian gas mask) and some friends. They called underwater diving ?fathomeering?, to distinguish from jumping into water .
1946:
Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale in France.
Yves Le Prieur invents a new version of his breathing set. Its fullface mask?s front plate was loose in its seating and acted as a very big, and therefore, very sensitive diaphragm for a demand regulator: see Diving regulator#Demand valve.
The Cave Diving Group (CDG) is formed in Britain.
1948: Auguste Piccard sends the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, on unmanned dives.
Siebe Gorman and/or Heinke start making Cousteau-type aqualungs in England. Captain Trevor Hampton had a dive with one. Siebe Gorman and the Royal Navy expected aqualungs to be used with weighted boots for bottom-walking for light commercial diving: see Aqua-lung#?Tadpoles?.
Ted Eldred in Australia starts designing the first open-circuit single-hose scuba set known: see Porpoise (make of scuba gear).
Georges Beuchat in France creates the first surface buoy.
1948 or 1949: Rene?s Sporting Goods shop in California imports aqualungs from France. Hollywood sees them and gets interested.
1949: Otis Barton makes record dive to 4,500 feet in his Benthoscope.
1950: Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale (but very expensive) to industry and civilians in Britain. Siebe Gorman made it at Chessington.
A British naval diving manual printed soon after this said that the aqualung is to be used for walking on the bottom with a heavy diving suit and weighted boots, and did not mention Cousteau.
A report to Cousteau said that only 10 aqualung sets had been sent to the USA because the market there was saturated.
The first camera housing called Tarzan is released by Georges Beuchat,
1951: The movie ?The Frogmen? is released. It is set in the Pacific Ocean in WWII. In its last 20 minutes, it shows USA frogmen, using bulky 3-cylindered aqualungs on a combat mission. This equipment use is anachronistic (in reality they would have used rebreathers), but it shows that aqualungs were available (even if not widely known of) in the USA in 1951.
1951: The US Navy starts to develop wetsuits, but not known to the public. .
1951: In December, the first issue of Skin Diver Magazine (USA) appears. The magazine ran until November 2002.
Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale in Canada.
1952: Cousteau-type aqualungs go on sale in the USA.
Ted Eldred in Australia starts making for public sale the Porpoise (make of scuba gear). This was the world?s first commercially available single-hose scuba unit and was the forerunner of most sport SCUBA equipment produced today.
Public interest in scuba diving takes off
1953: The National Geographical Society Magazine publishes an article about Cousteau?s underwater archaeology at Grand Conglou island near Marseille, and in French-speaking countries a diving film called paves (Shipwrecks) came out. That started a massive public demand for aqualungs and diving gear, and in France and America the diving gear makers started making them as fast as they could. But in Britain Siebe Gorman and Heinke kept aqualungs expensive, and restrictions on exporting currency stopped people from importing them. Many British sport divers used home-made constant-flow breathing sets and ex-armed forces or ex-industrial rebreathers. In the early 1950s, diving regulators made by Siebe Gorman cost 15, which was an average week?s salary.
After the supply of war-surplus frogman?s drysuits ran out, free-swimming diving suits were not readily available to the general public, and as a result many scuba divers dived with their skin bare except for swimming trunks. That is why scuba diving used often to be called skindiving. Others dived in homemade drysuits, or in thick layers of ordinary clothes.
After the supply of war-surplus frogman?s fins dried up, for a long time fins were not available to the public, and some had to resort to such things as gluing marine ply to plimsoles.
Captain Trevor Hampton founds the British Underwater Centre at Dartmouth in Devon in England.
Rene?s Sporting Goods shop (now owned by Spirotechnique) becomes U.S. Divers, now a leading maker of diving equipment.
Georges Beuchat in Marseille, France invent and release the first isothermic wetsuit.
15 October 1953: The BSAC is founded.
1954: USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, is launched.
The first manned dives occur in the bathyscaphe FNRS-2.
First scuba certification course in the USA is offered by the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation. Program created by Albert Tillman and Bev Morgan now known as LA County Scuba.
1954: In the USA, MSA advertises (in Popular Mechanics magazine) a two-cylinder aqualung-like open-circuit diving set using the MSA regulator.
1955: In Britain, ?Practical Mechanics? magazine publishes an item ?Making an Aqualung?.
1955: Louis Malle, a young film maker of 23, and Jacques-Yves Cousteau shoot The Silent World, one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to show the ocean depths in color.
1956: Wetsuits become available to the public.
1956: ## US Navy publishes tables that allow for repetitive diving.
Around this time, some British scuba divers start making homemade diving demand regulators from industrial parts, including Calor Gas regulators. (Since then, Calor Gas regulators have been redesigned, and this conversion is now impossible.)
Later, Submarine Products Ltd in Hexham in Northumberland, England designed round the Cousteau-Gagnan patent and made sport diving breathing sets accessibly cheap. This forced Siebe Gorman?s and Heinke?s prices down and started them selling to the sport diving trade. (Siebe Gorman gave its drysuit the tradename ?Frogman?.) Because of this better availability of aqualungs, BSAC?s policy towards rebreathers became merely ?Here be dragons: keep out!? and remained so for a long time. In the USA, some oxygen diving clubs developed down the years. Eventually, the Cousteau-Gagnan patent time-expired and any firm could legally copy it.
1956: The Silent World receives an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, and the Palme d?Or award at the Cannes Film Festival.
1957: The television series Sea Hunt begins. It introduces scuba diving to the television audience. It ran until 1961.
1958: USS Nautilus completes the first ever voyage under the polar ice to the North Pole and back.
1958: The CMAS (World Underwater Federation) is founded in Brussels.
1959: NAUI is founded by Albert Tillman and Neal Hess.
1960: Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh, USN, descend to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest known point in the ocean (about 10900m or 35802 feet = 6.78 miles) in the bathyscaphe Trieste: see at this link andthis link
USS Triton completed the first ever underwater circumnavigation of the world.
In Italy, sport diving oxygen rebreathers continued to be made well into the 1960s.
1964: in France, Georges Beuchat create the Jetfins, first vented fins.
1965: ## Robert D. Workman of the U.S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) publishes an equation for computing decompression requirements suitable for implementing in a dive computer, rather than a pre-computed table.
The film version of James Bond in Thunderball (using both sorts of open-circuit scuba) is released and helps to make scuba diving popular.
1966: PADI starts.
1968: First known rebreather with electronic parts is made: the Electrolung.
1971: Scubapro introduces the Stabilization Jacket, now in England commonly called stab jacket, and elsewhere Buoyancy Control (or Compensation) Device (BC or BCD).
1972: Scubapro introduces the decompression meter (the first analogic dive computer).
1976: ## Professor Albert A. Bhlmann publishes his work extending the equations to adapt to diving at altitude and with complex gas mixes.
1983: The Orca Edge (the first electronic dive computer) is introduced.
1985: The wreck of RMS Titanic is found. Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747 aircraft, is found and salvaged off Cork, Ireland during the first large scale deep water (6,200 feet) air crash investigation.
1989: The film The Abyss (including an as-yet-fictional deep-sea liquid-breathing set) helps to make scuba diving popular.
The Communist Bloc falls and the Cold War ends (see Fall of Communism and Collapse of the Soviet Union), and with it the risk of future attack by Communist Bloc forces including by their combat divers. After that, the world?s armed forces had less reason to requisition rebreather patents submitted by civilians, and sport diving automatic and semi-automatic mixture rebreathers start to appear. See ?rebreather history? link below.
1995: BSAC allows Nitrox diving and introduced Nitrox training.
1996: PADI releases their Enriched Air Diver Course.
1997: The film Titanic helps to make underwater trips onboard MIR submersible vehicles popular.
1998 August: Dives on RMS Titanic occur using Remotely Operated Vehicle controlled from the surface (Magellan 725). First ever live video broadcast from the sunken White Star liner is made.
1999 July: The Liberty Bell 7 Mercury spacecraft is raised from 16,043 feet (4891 m) of water in the Atlantic Ocean during the deepest commercial search and recovery operation to date.
2001 December: The BSAC allows rebreathers to be used in BSAC dives.
Notes
^ Entries marked ## are about decompression tables.
^ Arthur J. Bachrach, ?History of the Diving Bell?, Historical Diving Times, Iss. 21 (Spring 1998)
^ a b c d e f g h Acott, C. (1999). ?A brief history of diving and decompression illness.?. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004. Retrieved 2009-03-17.?
^ a b c d e Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 37
^ Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C; Pennefather, John. ?History of diving.?. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 5 (2). http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5894. Retrieved 2009-03-17.?
^ Mario Theriault, Great Maritime Inventions 1833-1950, Goose Lane, 2001, p. 46
^ a b Quick, D. (1970). ?A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus?. Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. RANSUM-1-70. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960. Retrieved 2009-03-16.?
^ a b Butler WP (2004). ?Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review?. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (4): 44559. PMID 15686275. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4028. Retrieved 2008-06-19.?
^ Bert, P. (originally published 1878). ?Barometric Pressure: researches in experimental physiology?. Translated by: Hitchcock MA and Hitchcock FA. College Book Company; 1943.?
^ Boycott, A. E.; G. C. C. Damant, J. S. Haldane. (1908). ?Prevention of compressed air illness?. J. Hygiene 8: 342443. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7489. Retrieved 2008-08-06.?
^ a b c d e Carter Jr, R. C. (1977). ?Pioneering Inner Space: The Navy Experimental Diving Unit?s First 50 Years?. US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-1-77. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4799. Retrieved 2008-04-21.?
^ Historical Diving Society magazine issue 45, page 43
^ Vann RD (2004). ?Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology?. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 2131. PMID 15233157. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987. Retrieved 2009-03-16.?
^ Butler FK (2004). ?Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy?. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 (1): 320. PMID 15233156. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3986. Retrieved 2009-03-16.?
^ a b Historical Diving Times, issue #44 (summer 2008), pages 5-12
^ Fulton, H. T.; Welham W., Dwyer J. V., Dobbins, R. F. (1952). ?Preliminary Report on Protection Against Cold Water?. US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-5-52. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3387. Retrieved 2008-04-21.?
^ Valentine, R. BSAC: The Club 1953-2003. BSAC. ISBN 9780953891955.?
^ a b c BSAC. ?Section 1.1 A Brief History of the British Sub-Aqua Club?. BSAC. http://www.bsac.org/page/52/11-brief-history-of-bsac.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-05.?
^ ?LA County Scuba? (in en-US). LACountyScuba.com. http://www.lacountyscuba.com/. Retrieved 2009-07-16.?
^ Workman, R. D. (1965). ?Calculation of Decompression Schedules for Nitrogen-Oxygen and Helium-Oxygen Dives?. US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report NEDU-6-65. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3367. Retrieved 2008-04-21.?
^ Bni M., Schibli R., Nussberger P., Bhlmann Albert A. (1976). ?Diving at diminished atmospheric pressure: air decompression tables for different altitudes?. Undersea Biomedical Research 3 (3): 189204. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 969023. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2750. Retrieved 2009-03-16.?
^ Allen, C (1996). ?BSAC gives the OK to nitrox. reprinted from Diver 1995; 40(5) May: 35-36.?. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (4). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6275. Retrieved 2008-09-05.?
^ Richardson, D and Shreeves, K (1996). ?The PADI Enriched Air Diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits.?. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6310. Retrieved 2008-09-05.?
References
Mark Lonsdale, The Evolution of US Navy Diving.
Other diving history timelines (external links)
There are other diving history chronologies at:
Diving Lore from its origins to the aqualung breakthrough.
rebreather history
hem.passagen.se
marinebio.org
BSAC info
Rebreather Diving History
Museum of old scuba gear
History of Cave Diving
Categories: Technology timelines | Underwater divingHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2009 | All articles needing additional references
Source: http://www.bio-one.org/timeline-of-diving-technology.html
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The grinders come in electric or manual type. An electric grinder may be better for people who loves to appreciate freshly ground coffee but are constantly on the go.
If one wants the hands-on charm of grinding one?s very own beans, then the manual or non-electric grinder will do.
Choose only the freshest coffee you can find. This could be determined by looking at the roasting date of the coffee. The very best coffee beans to be ground are the ones roasted not more than a week ago. When keeping the beans, you?ve to make sure that it really is kept in an airtight container.
You should be really observant when looking at the vacuum packaging of the coffee beans. Check if the beans have expanded and fit tightly to the packaging because this means that the beans have lost their freshness. This occurs because the beans discharge carbon dioxide as they get stale.
The instant you?ve picked the beans, you are now ready for grinding coffee beans. Set the coffee grinder in the suitable settings you like.
In case you are using manual grinders, keep in mind that you?ll find two adjustment nuts inside the handles. The first nut is utilised to adjust the appropriate grind and the other is operated to secure the grip.
To obtain the beans chopped appropriately, keep an eye on the grind at all times. Determine the granule size you would like. Fine granules make powerful coffee nonetheless too much fine grinds will make it bitter, plus longer grinds will result to tinier granules.
This article is written by Cathy Steven Mieler. Please click here to learn more.
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Source: http://home-family-parenting.info/the-tips-and-tricks-for-coffee-bean-grinding/
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If you?re a fish lover, or someone who?s eating some-more in an bid to stay healthy, we do not need to be concerned so many about mercury found in fish as well as risks of heart mildew according to new research. The usually extent in conditions of fish expenditure which still binds is for immature children, profound women as well as nursing mothers ? as for a rest of us, experts can right away assure us which during a bearing turn many usual in a U.S. there?s no justification of harm.
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It turns into the accountability of both the families of the graduate and the photographer to make sure that the photographs taken a good illustration of the preschool graduation and more importantly they?ll stand the check of time.
Many households have entered the entice of attempting to save cash by getting a second price photographer for the Preschool graduation. The problems they have a tendency to experience soon convince them that it is much better to pay good cash and have a reliable photographer than to save lots of a few pennies but cause untold disappointment and distress to the graduate when they?re all grown up. This text will aim to spotlight a number of the difficulties that may come up when making an attempt to take commencement photographs and how these difficulties will be prevented.
* Preschool Graduation Photography Wants: It is important to perceive what the customer desires and deliver it. The thought of just taking random photographs after which someway trying to persuade the client to just accept them is not good business and will cause friction.
* Talk Previous to Preschool Graduation: The sharing of information and communication generally is a key characteristic of the method of taking a good photograph. The client will inform the photographer what they need and what they think the photograph should appear like previous to the graduation. The photographer alternatively will use his experience within the space to clarify what the constraints of image processing and the way that is going to have an effect on the ultimate final result of the commencement photos.
* Preschool Graduation Photographer: Work with photographers who?ve experience and references particularly for such an vital event such as the commencement of a beloved one. Usually you can see that many earlier graduates can have an inventory of suppliers they recommend and those they advise you to not touch with a barge poll. You will want to consider studying this checklist and act accordingly otherwise your total photograph plans is perhaps completely ruined.
* Preschool Graduation Photography Contract: If you are writing up a contract or signing off one, you will want to ensure that you embrace a clause about performance so that if there?s any downside with the commencement footage you?ve got a comeback clause that may dictate how you are going to resolve your differences.
In conclusion I might say that in the enterprise of photography, accuracy is important. The details that we?re speaking a few graduation in this case means that there is even more reason to be vigilant.
A preschool commencement is a second in time which isn?t more likely to be forgotten by graduates family and the graduate themselves who?re at the center of it. The one thing that may spoil this great occasion is lack of a bad photography. If the graduation photos are grainy or not out there, the hurt and disappointment can be palpable. There is only one alternative to take preschool graduation pictures for posterity and if there?s something fallacious with them, the situation turns into dire. It turns into the responsibility of each the families of the graduate and the photographer to make sure that the photographs taken a fair representation of the preschool graduation and more importantly they will stand the test of time.
Many households have entered the trap of making an attempt to save cash by getting a second fee photographer for the Preschool graduation. The issues they have an inclination to experience quickly persuade them that it is much better to pay good money and have a reliable photographer than to save lots of a few cents but trigger untold disappointment and misery to the graduate when they?re all grown up. This text will purpose to spotlight a number of the difficulties that can come up when trying to take graduation photographs and the way these difficulties can be prevented.
* Preschool Graduation Photography Needs: It is very important understand what the client needs and ship it. The idea of just taking random photographs and then by some means attempting to convince the shopper to just accept them will not be good business and can cause friction.
* Communicate Previous to Preschool Graduation: The sharing of knowledge and communication usually is a key feature of the method of taking a great photograph. The client will inform the photographer what they want and what they assume the photograph ought to appear to be prior to the graduation. The photographer then again will use his expertise within the space to explain what the restrictions of picture processing and how that is going to affect the ultimate end result of the commencement photos.
* Preschool Graduation Photographer: Work with photographers who?ve experience and references particularly for such an essential occasion such because the commencement of a cherished one. Normally you?ll find that many previous graduates could have an inventory of providers they advocate and those they advise you to not contact with a barge poll. You have to to contemplate reading this record and act accordingly otherwise your entire photograph plans is perhaps completely ruined.
* Preschool Graduation Photography Contract: If you?re writing up a contract or signing off one, you have to to ensure that you include a clause about efficiency in order that if there?s any drawback with the commencement pictures you?ve got a comeback clause that may dictate how you will resolve your differences.
In conclusion I?d say that in the enterprise of photography, accuracy is important. The info that we?re speaking about a commencement in this case means that there is even more cause to be vigilant.
A preschool graduation gifts is a moment in time which is not likely to be forgotten by graduates family and the graduate themselves who?re on the middle of it. The one thing that can damage this nice occasion is lack of a nasty graduation photography. If the graduation photos are grainy or not accessible, the damage and disappointment can be palpable.
Save this article as PDF file ---->Source: http://articlecomfort.com/preschool-graduation-photography/
When it comes to building a web startup, the devil?s often in the details. And keeping track of those details ? be it how far users get in your signup process, or how often they?re clicking a certain button ? can be a real pain.
Mixpanel?is a startup that?s looking to solve that problem by giving sites an easy-to-integrate analytics solution. And today it?s announcing that it?s raised another $1.25 million from an all star roster of investors, with new investors including Sequoia Capital (Jim Goetz and Roelof Botha) and Keith Rabois. That?s in addition to existing investors Max Levchin and Michael Birch, who are themselves experts at tracking viral data. The company previously participated in Y Combinator and raised $500k from Birch and Levchin in Feburary 2010.
Unlike traditional analytics services that focus on page views and uniques, Mixpanel is all about on-page actions: how many times users are activating a feature, how far in a flow they?re getting, and so on. All of this is tracked in real-time.
The startup?s customers include Quora, Bebo, and Slide (which has continued to use the service even after the Google acquisition). Cofounder Suhail Doshi says that they now are tracking data for 2000 sites, many of which are mobile. Not all of these are paid though ??Mixpanel also offers a free plan that tracks 25,000 data points per month. Paid plans begin at $150 per month, which includes 500,000 events.
Doshi says that the company is already generating a significant amount of revenue, with double-digit revenue growth each month. The funding, he says, will be used toward expanding the engineering team and to make their work environment ?the best place for engineers? (sidenote: I?m hearing this mantra more often as the hunt for engineers becomes ever more competitive).
Aside from the funding news, Mixpanel hasn?t had much news in the last several months, but Doshi hints that we?ll be hearing some major product announcements over the next six weeks.
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/rCwP9ZuPCGg/
Many people can benefit from discovering the best way to avoid foreclosure. These days you find properties like homes and commercial properties being foreclosed left and right. The global recession is officially over according to several governments but the effects of the past problems like lost jobs, and pay cuts are still lingering.
The recession has led to negative long term problems for a lot of people such as loss of jobs and income, ruined credit, and foreclosures. If you invested in a house or commercial property, you can still save your investment from foreclosure by following these steps.
One way to prevent losing your assets is by asking someone to take over your loan payments. Maybe a wealthy family member or friend can help you. You can also try to sell your property but this may take too long. While you search for a buyer, your bank may also be in the process of foreclosing your assets.
A good tip is to find a tenant to rent your home or property while you look for a buyer. Have someone make the monthly installments while you still can not cover it. Talk to your banker and ask them to delay the foreclosure while you try to look for someone to take over the loan or rent out the place. Explain that you can resume payments as soon as you find a tenant.
If this proposal is approved by your bank, they can revise your payment scheme and attach the default payments to the latter part of your loan term. Once this is worked out by your bank, find someone to rent the place immediately so you can resume making payments. You can also ask a wealthy relative to help you make payments or take over the payments while you have not found a tenant yet.
Another option is to modify your loan. This is like refinancing your loan but not quite like it. Explain to your banker or lender why you were not able to cope with monthly payments. Maybe you had been sick or lost a job. They might consider revising your mortgage if your reasons are justified. Work for lower monthly payments or extending the payment terms. It is important that the mortgage plan is revised to something you can afford to pay.
You can also negotiate for a short sale which involves selling the property for a smaller value than the mortgage balance. Often times, the main reason for not being able to find a buyer quickly is the asking price. Selling it at a loss may be the only option to allow you and the bank to cut your losses. Banks that foreclose properties also spend a lot of money once the property is in their possession.
Although a short sale will bring in less money for the bank, a repossession will be more costly to process. Your bank may consider this as a more practical solution to avoid losing the property. A short sale may be the best option for you since it keeps your credit history intact and allows you to take out a loan again. A short sale will not destroy your credit score the way a foreclosure does.
Everything you need to know about foreclosures and repossessions. Get the low down on the best way to avoid foreclosure now in our article on advantages and disadvantages of foreclosure on http://www.ebenezerrealestate.com
Source: http://www.real-estate-blog.org/simple-guide-to-the-best-way-to-avoid-foreclosure/
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