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A more than week-long manhunt for two men wanted in connection with a recent homicide in East Peoria came to an end in New Mexico Saturday.
Both suspects, on the run from police since fatal shooting on June 13th, were arrested at a truck stop in Albuquerque.
Authorities say 22 year-old James Johnson and 20 year-old Carton Neely were taken into custody without incident by U.S. Marshalls around 4:20 a.m. Saturday.
They are being held at a detention facility nearby, awaiting extradition to Tazewell County.
East Peoria police issued arrest warrants for Johnson and Neely on Friday June 15th, in connection with the fatal shooting of Justin Siebenthal two days earlier.
Authorities later revealed Siebenthal and another man were shot during a botched drug deal at his Elm Street home.
Authorities say they since received a tip on Johnson and Neely may have fled to New Mexico, and they contacted authorities there.
No word yet on when the two men will be extradited back to Central Illinois.
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In fact, I have to exercise considerable restraint not to down the entire box over the course of a single day by taking ?just a nibble? here and there. I monitor the ?stash? in my pantry very closely, and get a bit jittery when the inventory starts to run low. Occasionally I go ?cold turkey? for a few weeks, just to prove to myself that I can quit any time. Jen-Luc Piquant suspects the folks at Nature?s Path have laced their cereal with crack, but if so, it?s Certified Organic (TM) crack, delivered in a tasty, nutritious format.
My addiction might not be the subject of hard-hitting investigative journalism (?Tonight on Hard Copy: people who love their breakfast cereal too much!?), but I?m certainly not alone in my enthusiasm. Americans each consume about 10 pounds ? that?s 160 bowls ? of cereal per person every year.
In the US, among the most enduring brands is Kellogg?s Rice Krispies, introduced in 1928, which has its very own Website. Kellogg?s ingenious marketing strategy for the cereal certainly helped boost its enduring popularity, particularly the introduction of three cartoon elfin sprites, appropriately named Snap, Crackle and Pop, after the sound made whenever milk is poured over a bowl of the cereal. Check out this vintage 1950s commercial.
Memorable, right? That?s why they are instantly recognizable to any American; in fact, in 2002 a pollster found that most Americans can name the three elves but can?t name any three of the nine sitting Supreme Court Justices, who clearly need a catchy slogan.
(The sprites are known affectionately to Jen-Luc Piquant as Cric! Crac! and Croc! She categorically denies those tabloid rumors about one wild drunken night in Vegas with the Krispie Krew that ended with her being briefly married to Crackle. Lies. Vicious lies.)
But what is it about Rice Krispies that makes them go snap, crackle, pop? It?s not microscopic sprites, although research on the topic has admittedly been sparse. Nonetheless, a food scientist named Ted Labuza at the University of Minnesota investigated the matter a few years ago and came up with a decent explanation for why these popular cereal crisps produce such a distinctive sound.
During the cooking process, each piece of rice expands, creating a network of tiny air-filled pockets and tunnels inside the kernel. Add milk, and the cereal starts to absorb the liquid. This puts pressure on the air inside the pockets, causing the ?walls? to shatter with a snap, crackle, or a pop. Eventually, of course, the cereal becomes saturated and soggy, and the signature sounds cease.
It?s quite a bit like how popcorn pops, which depends on the moisture and starch inside the corn kernel, and the hard shell surrounding it. The moisture percentage in particular must be just right. Heating up the kernels causes the starch granules to expand, thereby increasing the pressure inside the hard shell, which eventually explodes when the pressure gets high enough. And the starch granules expand into the fluffy white globs we know and love.
Grains of rice? don?t naturally have sufficient moisture, but this is added (via steaming) during the manufacturing process for Rice Krispies, and the grains are then oven-popped to give them their unique texture. (We also encourage Labuza to extend his research to investigate why excessive consumption of Cap?n Crunch is so harmful to the roof of one?s mouth. Inquiring geek-minds need to know!)
Labuza admits, ?It?s not exactly rocket science.? No, it?s materials science, and things start to really get interesting when you take things down to the molecular level. That?s when you realize that Rice Krispies essentially behave like glass. Rice Krispies feature strong molecular bonds holding the starch molecules together, and, like glass, if you smashed a rice crisp with a hammer, it would crack and shatter. The fine folks at Molecular Expressions include close-ups of the structure of Rice Krispies at various magnifications in their extensive image gallery; you can see them here.
Unlike breakfast cereals, glass is an intensive topic of scientific research, because glass is one of those substances known as ?amorphous solids,? straddling the boundary between solid and liquid phases of matter. No less a luminary than Philip W. Anderson has observed, ?The deepest and most interesting unsolved problem in solid state theory is probably the theory of the nature of glass and the glass transition.?
Glass falls somewhere in between: the molecules are still rigidly bound, but they are also more disordered than in a pure crystalline solid. So glass is neither, or both: it has its own distinct molecular structure that exhibits properties of both liquids and solids.
These structural properties stem from how glass is made. These days, windows are made by pouring molten glass onto molten tin, and letting it naturally spread out and solidify into a perfectly flat sheet. Older methods were less precise; a few artisans still practice them.
You may have seen it at arts and crafts fairs: the glass-blower gets a all of molten glass on the end of a pipe, then blows it into a long, wooden tube-shaped mold. Once the glass has cooled, it?s removed from the mold, reheated, and ironed into a single pane. Windows made this way usually contain air bubbles and ?waves,? and aren?t always of perfect thickness throughout.
But what?s actually happening as the glass goes from a liquid to an amorphous solid? In a straightforward phase transition, like when water freezes into ice, the transition is dependent on well-defined temperature and pressure points. The glass transition is different: it also depends on the rate at which the heating or cooling takes place.
Glass is formed by cooling a liquid below its freezing point, then cooling it some more. Cool it fast enough, in a process known as ?super-cooling,? and the molecules don?t have sufficient time to organize themselves into the rigid crystalline lattice structure of a solid. Instead, as the temperature drops the liquid becomes much more ?viscous.? (Viscosity is a measure of a liquid?s resistance to flow; the higher the viscosity, the greater the resistance.) As this happens, the molecules gradually move more and more slowly, until they are hardly moving at all.
This indecisiveness on the part of glass ? choose a state of matter already! ? has led to the mistaken assumption that glass is actually a fluid. There is an enduring urban legend that the glass windows in medieval cathedrals are thicker at the bottom because over hundreds of years, the glass has ?flowed? downward and pooled at the bottom. There is a tiny bit of truth to the legend. At the molecular level, glass does ?flow?, it just does so very verrry sloooowly.
Yvonne Stokes, a mathematician at the University of Adelaide in Australia, has performed detailed? calculations on old cathedral windows, and estimates that it would take at least 10 million years for the glass at the bottom to grow just 5% thicker. She emphasizes that this is a conservative estimate; it might take much longer.
So there?s frankly no way in hell that the irregularities in medieval cathedral windows are due to the flowing properties of glass. Instead, the observed anomalies are probably due to inherent flaws resulting from the manufacturing process. (For more detailed information on the molecular structure of glass, whether or not it can be said to truly ?flow,? and some fascinating early history, see this excellent discussion.)
In a 1999 article in Discover magazine on the physics of glass, Robert Kunzig discussed the possibility of an ?ideal glass?: ?what you would produce if you could cool a liquid with geologic slowness while somehow preventing it from crystallizing.? It would be a distinct state of matter, rather than the confused hybrid that is so familiar to us: motionless, with a rigid molecular order like a crystal ? except it wouldn?t be a crystal.
Physicists have no idea how to even begin visualizing such a thing. But it could be important. We?ve heard whispers to the effect that discovering an ideal glass transition phase ? namely, a point during the supercooling process where the molecules have no choice but to move rapidly from the disordered liquid configuration to a highly-ordered solid configuration ? could yield insights into the structure of the early universe, which may have existed in a similar amorphous disordered state.
Alas, the news on that front isn?t encouraging. A paper in the June 9 2006 issue of Physical Review Letters, by Princeton University?s Salvatore Torquato (et al), concluded that such an ideal glass transition phase doesn?t exist. Torquato?s team performed a bunch of computer simulations and couldn?t find any such well-defined transition point. Torquato told Live Science that ?You could have this continuous change from most disordered to most ordered, and there are an infinite number of possible transition phases between these points. It puts another nail in the coffin for [the ideal transition] theory.?
Maybe that ideal transition phase is a bit questionable, but the mysterious ?Moosino? over at Chi c?e? in Ascolto reports on a very different kind of ?transition phase? from amorphous solid into, well, a million little pieces. Apparently she was driving along one day, when one of the side windows of her car spontaneously shattered. Being such a well-trained scientist, she nosed around until she found some answers.
Basically, the side windows of a car are made of tempered glass, a process that causes the exterior surface to compress while the interior is still expanding a bit. The end result is an exterior compression layer and an interior tension layer ? I believe the technical term is an ?inclusion.? If a crack develops later on in the compression layer, all the interior tension is released all at once. The window goes snap! Or crackle! Or pop!
Just like a bowl of Rice Krispies.
Images: (top) Rice Krispies cereal box. Source: Wikipedia, under fair use. (bottom) Molecular structure of amorphous silica. Wikimedia Commons/Public domain.
Originally posted in September 2006 at the old Cocktail Party Physics site.
References:
P W Anderson (1995). ?Through the Glass Lightly,? Science 267 (5204): 1615. DOI:10.1126/science.267.5204.1615-e
?Do Cathedral Glasses Flow?? (1998) Am. J. Phys. v66, pp 392?396.
A. Donev, F. H. Stillinger and S. Torquato. (2006) ?Do Binary Hard Disks Exhibit an Ideal Glass Transition?? Physical Review Letters, 96, 225502.
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Whether or not a botched government gun interdiction scheme known as ?Fast and Furious? was tied into White House gun policy is roiling the right ? and a cause for scoffing on the left.
Rep. Trey Gowdy, R-S.C., center, with Rep. Dennis Ross, R-Fla., left, waves notes and papers as he calls for the release of additional Justice Department documents as the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee considers whether to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt of Congress.
J. Scott Applewhite/AP
EnlargeRep. Darrel Issa, chair of the House Oversight Committee, has led the now 16-month old investigation into who knew what, and when, about an ill-advised gun interdiction scheme on the border called Fast and Furious.
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The effort, says Mr. Issa, is to get answers for the family of Brian Terry, the Border Patrol agent shot and killed in a high desert shootout where guns belonging to the Fast and Furious gun-walking program were found.
But as Congress moves now to cite the attorney general of the United States, Eric Holder, for contempt, the situation has quickly become more intense, fueling a central and long-running conspiracy theory about Fast and Furious.?
How much do you know about the US Constitution? A quiz.
Along with conservative commentators like Rush Limbaugh, Issa suggested as late as April that Fast and Furious may have been part of a policy by the White House to flood the Mexican market with guns to foment violence, which would then put political pressure back on the US to curb its wide-open border gun bazaar and weaken Second Amendment rights.
That contention, liberals say, is on its face absurd. Comedy Central satirist Stephen Colbert summed up the extent of the alleged conspiracy on Friday, concluding Fast and Furious-spawned border violence was intended ?to panic Americans in order to gin up support for a Draconian gun control measure Obama has never introduced. Complicated? Yes. The fevered ramblings of a syphilitic brain? Perhaps.?
But the ?worse than Watergate? internet rumblings aside, last week?s Oversight Committee vote ? which fell along partisan lines ? to recommend Holder for a House vote on contempt and President Obama?s decision on the same day to invoke executive privilege to keep related documents secret did enliven debate about what?s really at stake with the investigation. To wit, whether the documents Congress wants and that the Administration won?t release may be able to confirm or put to rest suspicions that not just Holder, but Obama, had a policy hand in Fast and Furious.
In opening the contempt hearing on Wednesday, Mr. Issa contended that, ?[The contempt hearing] is not about this investigation, it?s about a narrow subset of documents that this committee must ultimately receive.?
But in April, Issa gave an interview at the National Rifle Association convention in St. Louis, in which he gave credence to suspicions held by many conservatives and gun owners about the program?s true intent.
?Could it be that what they really were thinking of was in fact to use this walking of guns in order to promote an assault weapons ban?? Rep. Issa said. ?Many think so. And [the administration] hasn?t come up with an explanation that would cause any of us not to agree.?
Loosely based on two similar operations that took place during the Bush administration, Fast and Furious began in 2009, shortly after administration officials, including Obama, several times cited in public a contested estimate that 90 percent of guns used in Mexican violence came from the US, a situation they said was wreaking havoc in Mexico and injuring relations between the two continental powers.
Around that time, the administration says, ATF agents in Phoenix, under pressure to stem the flow, began allowing straw purchasers to ?walk? assault weapons into Mexico, in order to track the guns and build criminal cases against not just low-level drug operators, but cartel bosses.
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Roman archaeologists are using an interesting new tool to map and study one of the ancient city's little-appreciated features: Its sewers. They've deployed a?remotely?controlled rover called an "archeo-robot" to help them create a detailed and complete map of the extensive waterways.
Ancient Rome's "cloaca maxima," Latin for greatest or largest sewer, was a marvel at the time of its use, permitting great quantities of waste water to flow away from the city center. It still functions today, draining rainwater from the historic Forum area of Rome.
A team was recently brought in to study and map the main sewer and its several secondary tunnels. To do it properly, they decided to use a little remote bot equipped with high-definition cameras, atmospheric sensors and a laser-scanning system that would capture the pipes and stones in 3-D. This will allow them to get very exact dimensions as well as an explorable model.
The results are quite cool-looking, and should be of utility to scholars and historians who have often wondered about the cloaca maxima and its construction. You can see a short video of some of the data they've collected here.
The group doing the work is called Indissoluble, and they've placed much more information regarding the archeo-robot on the project's site.
Devin Coldewey is a contributing writer for msnbc.com. His personal website is coldewey.cc.
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